ផ្សាយថ្ងៃទី 04 Jan 2025
(កាសែតឯករាជ្យជាតិ ផ្សាយតាមបណ្តាញសង្គម)
Fish farming is the raising of fish and other animals (such as crabs and shrimp) primarily for food. Fish farming has been growing rapidly for decades. Between 1970 and 2006, the industry grew at a rate of 6.9% per year, and in recent years, nearly half of the seafood consumed by humans has been farmed as fish.2 These fish are also used to feed other animals: more than 2.5 million tons of fish are used to produce cat food each year.3
It is estimated that between 51 and 167 billion fish are killed each year, 4 which does not include other animals that are also killed on aquaculture farms, either by being raised there for humans or by other livestock. Crustaceans raised on fish farms are generally fed molluscs that are passed through grinders that destroy their shells, as well as by-products of fishing, including leftover fish.
Many species of fish are farmed; however, some are farmed in greater quantities than others. The most common species are carp, tilapia, sturgeon, salmon, and catfish.5 As for shrimp, most of them cannot be farmed due to their small size and the diseases they suffer in fish farms. Pacific white shrimp and tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon).
Advocates of aquaculture claim that it will solve the problem of fish and other aquatic animals being depleted by fishing. This advocacy does not take into account the fish’s capacity to suffer or their interest in living. It considers the benefits to humans from the exploitation of aquatic animals. The aim of aquaculture is to achieve the maximum production of fish and other animals for consumption at the lowest cost. This leads to a disregard for the interests of the aquatic animals being exploited, resulting in uncomfortable or miserable lives and often premature deaths.
It is impossible to keep animals on fish farms without harming them. The fish are regularly removed from the water for measurements, their tanks are cleaned with harmful chemicals, and their lives are generally made miserable by manual handling and habitat disturbance. Furthermore, by definition, raising animals on farms for food means that they are eventually killed.
Fish in fish farms can be grown in natural ecosystems (lakes, rivers, or oceans) or in fish tanks. There are three main types of fish farms, defined by the method of raising the animals: extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive.
In extensive systems, animals obtain food from their environment and are not fed by humans. Humans control only the environment in which the animals are kept. Populations are controlled by manipulating environmental variables such as nutrients, light, and water conditions. Fish are kept in a manner that prevents escape and allows for easy capture. The capture of these fish is sometimes referred to by terms such as "collection" and "harvesting," terms that are both derogatory and inappropriate since they are generally used only for non-sentient plants.
In a semi-dependent system, the fish are in a semi-controlled environment. Part of their food comes from the farmer, while the rest comes from the environment. Other variables in their environment are also controlled, such as water flow. This allows the fish to be raised at higher densities than is possible in large-scale fish farms, which, as we will see below, causes discomfort, disease, and injury.
Finally, in intensive farms, the living conditions of the fish, their rearing, and reproduction are completely under human control. Fish density is very high in intensive farms.
In addition to current fish farms, research is underway to convert larger natural bodies of water that are closed or nearly closed off from other water systems into large-scale or semi-intensive farms.
How crustaceans are bred Crustacean egg stocks are increased by various breeding techniques, one method in which females are caught involves administering a thermal shock that induces them to spawn.
These animals can lay hundreds of thousands of eggs, which can hatch in just one day. Another method of reproduction involves catching ("collecting") the larvae. The larvae are kept in a hatchery, where the water flow is controlled. After 2-3 weeks, they become post-larvae and are taken to large layers with a flow of water called nurseries, where they spend from one to one and a half months. When the weight of the larvae reaches between 1 and 2 grams, they enter the breeding stage before the end of their life in captivity and are sent to "breeding ponds" for consumption. Although the breeding and weight-gaining processes of the animals are often carried out in the same place, there are specialized companies that use various means for captive breeding (known as "breeding farms"). Breeding ponds can be located in intertidal areas, with mesh barriers that allow water to flow.
Crustacea can also be cultured in tanks with flood gates that allow fresh water to enter the tank from the sea, lake, or river. They are then transferred to a nursery pond. Many of the newly hatched shrimp die during this process. Survivors in the nursery pond are removed from the pond several months later by netting or by draining the pond.
How fish are bred
As with crustaceans, there are several stages in fish farming. First, fry (young fish) are generally raised in captivity, although they can also be caught. Adult fish of reproductive age can also be caught, but they are often (and increasingly) raised and bred in captivity. Some fish, such as eels, are always caught in the wild because they cannot be bred in captivity.
In order for fish to reproduce, they must be in a low-stress environment. Breeding animals are kept in tanks with a lower stocking density than those in which they are kept for growth (fat). The space in their enclosures is minimal and may contain as little as 1 m3 of water per fish. Fish used for breeding are sometimes allowed to reproduce at their own pace, but more often they are induced to spawn. Spawning can be induced with a variety of hormones, such as injections of gonadotropins or human chorionic gonadotropin (which can be obtained from the female's urine.
Sometimes the eggs are easily collected because the fertilized eggs float, while the unfertilized eggs sink. In other cases, egg collection is performed by a technique called "abdominal massage." Typically, the fish's abdomen is squeezed until the eggs are forced out of the body, a method that is stressful and potentially dangerous to health. In some cases, an artificial catheter is used with this procedure. The catheter is introduced through the urogenital opening into the female's body cavity to open the oviduct. Abdominal pressure is then used to push the eggs into the catheter, where they fall into the receptacle.6
After the eggs are collected, they are kept in a incubator for several days until the larvae hatch. The larvae are placed in a larval stage, which is usually a small cylindrical container with a continuous supply of water. The main reason this is done is because many larvae would die if this were not done. The more larvae that survive, the more profit they make.
When these animals develop from larvae to fry and weigh about one or two grams, they are moved to larger, pre-fattening tanks, sold to other aquaculture businesses, or released into the wild for later fishing. The pre-fattening process aims to acclimate the fish to the type of food they will be given during the fattening process and to the crowding conditions they will be forced to endure. In some cases, the fish are also adjusted to the transition from freshwater to saltwater. During all stages of fish development, normal growth processes are affected by aggregation, which alters their normal development in potentially harmful ways.7
When their size allows the fish to move without much risk of death during the move, they are transported to the aquarium.8 In the fat tank, the animals are constantly competing for food, so food must be given to them regularly and in small quantities. The stronger fish do not eat it all and leave the weaker ones hungry.
How animals suffer in fish factories
Fish in fish farms are at risk in many ways. Like livestock, even if their lives are good, they are still at risk of premature death, which deprives them of positive experiences in the future. But they are also at risk because they have a poor quality of life. Some of the reasons for this are:
Transportation and shipping
Transporting animals to fish factories causes them great psychological stress, which takes a long time to recover from. Stressed fish suffer from 12-spot disease.
Lack of space and cramped conditions
In fish factories, fish are usually concentrated in small areas. This happens systematically in the case of trout and salmon, 13 sea bass, 14 sea bream, 15 or gilt-head bream. 16 There is no room to move around and there are many other animals around, which causes stress. 17
The relationship between fish concentration and harm suffered is not necessarily linear. In the case of salmon, for example, negative effects may only be seen when a certain density is reached, and then the increase in negative effects may be greater than the proportional change when new individuals are added.18 In addition to stress, other factors such as reduced water quality add to their stress and discomfort.19 Crowding conditions also affect oxygen availability. Fish rely on dissolved oxygen in the water, and when oxygen levels drop below a certain level, they can suffer severe stress and health problems. In severe cases, they can die from suffocation. The effect that lack of space has on some fish is even worse for those that form social hierarchies20 and can lead to aggressive behavior21, including cannibalism.
Light disturbances, sometimes created by underwater lamps, can be used to speed up the growth of fish. They change the animals’ growth time so that they are larger when they are killed. But bright lights can be distracting to them and even affect their feeding habits as they try to avoid the lights. 24 In the case of common salmon, changes in light and high temperatures have been identified as the main factors causing spinal deformities. 25
Starvation
Starvation and malnutrition can occur at various stages of the growth of animals in fish farms, for reasons such as competition for food between animals. In addition to starvation, there are other ways in which a lack of food can harm animals. For example, food deprivation can also mean increased erosion of the dorsal fin of the fish,26 which can cause difficulty swimming and reduce their chances of survival. It has been observed that Atlantic salmon swim more slowly and try less to feed themselves when they are not properly fed.27
Impacts on the health of farmed marine animals
The conditions described above cause these animals to be stressed, which leads to further harm because it affects their health.28 But there are other reasons that can compromise their health. Animals are often injured by overcrowding, which can easily lead to infections. The close contact between the fish carcasses and their cages, as well as other fish carcasses, leads to wounds, which can also be susceptible to infections.
Chemical changes in the water, which can easily occur due to the cramped conditions, can make animals particularly vulnerable to diseases that they would otherwise not have contracted. Sometimes fish with these diseases are killed.
For more information on this, see the page on fish and shellfish diseases. To protect against infection and mass mortality, fish in fish farms are given antibiotics, many of which have negative side effects, including immunosuppression. This affects not only the animals kept on the fish farms, but also other animals living in the surrounding wild areas.31
Death on fish farms
For all the reasons we have seen above, pre-slaughter mortality is very high in fish farms.32 But of course, they all die prematurely, whether from disease or by human hands. Fish and other aquatic animals are killed in various painful ways, in most cases while they are fully conscious. Their suffering begins before they die, as they are often in pain and distress while being transported to the place where they are killed. It takes time for food to be digested and incorporated into the body to create more meat, and any food given to an animal immediately before its death will not be converted into new meat. It is often considered wasteful to feed an animal food that will not become new meat, so that it is not eaten and starved before it is killed.34
Other animals are killed to feed fish farms It is also important to note that other animals (mainly crustaceans and fish) are used to feed the animals raised on fish farms, and therefore these animals are also victims of human consumption of fish and other aquatic animals. In addition to feeding fish farms with the carcasses of other fish, more than half of the fish oil production from fish caught or grown on farms is used to feed salmon. (កាសែតឯករាជ្យជាតិ ផ្សាយតាមបណ្តាញសង្គម ជូនលោកអ្នកនាងអានដោយមិនគិតថ្លៃ បើសប្បុរសជនចង់ជួយឧបត្ថម្ភ ការផ្សាយរបស់យើងខ្ញុំ តាមរយៈគណនី ABA លេខលុយខ្មែរ: 500 708 383 លេខលុយដុល្លារ: 003 662 119
(កាសែតឯករាជ្យជាតិ ផ្សាយតាមបណ្តាញសង្គម)
Fish farming is the raising of fish and other animals (such as crabs and shrimp) primarily for food. Fish farming has been growing rapidly for decades. Between 1970 and 2006, the industry grew at a rate of 6.9% per year, and in recent years, nearly half of the seafood consumed by humans has been farmed as fish.2 These fish are also used to feed other animals: more than 2.5 million tons of fish are used to produce cat food each year.3
It is estimated that between 51 and 167 billion fish are killed each year, 4 which does not include other animals that are also killed on aquaculture farms, either by being raised there for humans or by other livestock. Crustaceans raised on fish farms are generally fed molluscs that are passed through grinders that destroy their shells, as well as by-products of fishing, including leftover fish.
Many species of fish are farmed; however, some are farmed in greater quantities than others. The most common species are carp, tilapia, sturgeon, salmon, and catfish.5 As for shrimp, most of them cannot be farmed due to their small size and the diseases they suffer in fish farms. Pacific white shrimp and tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon).
Advocates of aquaculture claim that it will solve the problem of fish and other aquatic animals being depleted by fishing. This advocacy does not take into account the fish’s capacity to suffer or their interest in living. It considers the benefits to humans from the exploitation of aquatic animals. The aim of aquaculture is to achieve the maximum production of fish and other animals for consumption at the lowest cost. This leads to a disregard for the interests of the aquatic animals being exploited, resulting in uncomfortable or miserable lives and often premature deaths.
It is impossible to keep animals on fish farms without harming them. The fish are regularly removed from the water for measurements, their tanks are cleaned with harmful chemicals, and their lives are generally made miserable by manual handling and habitat disturbance. Furthermore, by definition, raising animals on farms for food means that they are eventually killed.
Fish in fish farms can be grown in natural ecosystems (lakes, rivers, or oceans) or in fish tanks. There are three main types of fish farms, defined by the method of raising the animals: extensive, semi-intensive, and intensive.
In extensive systems, animals obtain food from their environment and are not fed by humans. Humans control only the environment in which the animals are kept. Populations are controlled by manipulating environmental variables such as nutrients, light, and water conditions. Fish are kept in a manner that prevents escape and allows for easy capture. The capture of these fish is sometimes referred to by terms such as "collection" and "harvesting," terms that are both derogatory and inappropriate since they are generally used only for non-sentient plants.
In a semi-dependent system, the fish are in a semi-controlled environment. Part of their food comes from the farmer, while the rest comes from the environment. Other variables in their environment are also controlled, such as water flow. This allows the fish to be raised at higher densities than is possible in large-scale fish farms, which, as we will see below, causes discomfort, disease, and injury.
Finally, in intensive farms, the living conditions of the fish, their rearing, and reproduction are completely under human control. Fish density is very high in intensive farms.
In addition to current fish farms, research is underway to convert larger natural bodies of water that are closed or nearly closed off from other water systems into large-scale or semi-intensive farms.
How crustaceans are bred Crustacean egg stocks are increased by various breeding techniques, one method in which females are caught involves administering a thermal shock that induces them to spawn.
These animals can lay hundreds of thousands of eggs, which can hatch in just one day. Another method of reproduction involves catching ("collecting") the larvae. The larvae are kept in a hatchery, where the water flow is controlled. After 2-3 weeks, they become post-larvae and are taken to large layers with a flow of water called nurseries, where they spend from one to one and a half months. When the weight of the larvae reaches between 1 and 2 grams, they enter the breeding stage before the end of their life in captivity and are sent to "breeding ponds" for consumption. Although the breeding and weight-gaining processes of the animals are often carried out in the same place, there are specialized companies that use various means for captive breeding (known as "breeding farms"). Breeding ponds can be located in intertidal areas, with mesh barriers that allow water to flow.
Crustacea can also be cultured in tanks with flood gates that allow fresh water to enter the tank from the sea, lake, or river. They are then transferred to a nursery pond. Many of the newly hatched shrimp die during this process. Survivors in the nursery pond are removed from the pond several months later by netting or by draining the pond.
How fish are bred
As with crustaceans, there are several stages in fish farming. First, fry (young fish) are generally raised in captivity, although they can also be caught. Adult fish of reproductive age can also be caught, but they are often (and increasingly) raised and bred in captivity. Some fish, such as eels, are always caught in the wild because they cannot be bred in captivity.
In order for fish to reproduce, they must be in a low-stress environment. Breeding animals are kept in tanks with a lower stocking density than those in which they are kept for growth (fat). The space in their enclosures is minimal and may contain as little as 1 m3 of water per fish. Fish used for breeding are sometimes allowed to reproduce at their own pace, but more often they are induced to spawn. Spawning can be induced with a variety of hormones, such as injections of gonadotropins or human chorionic gonadotropin (which can be obtained from the female's urine.
Sometimes the eggs are easily collected because the fertilized eggs float, while the unfertilized eggs sink. In other cases, egg collection is performed by a technique called "abdominal massage." Typically, the fish's abdomen is squeezed until the eggs are forced out of the body, a method that is stressful and potentially dangerous to health. In some cases, an artificial catheter is used with this procedure. The catheter is introduced through the urogenital opening into the female's body cavity to open the oviduct. Abdominal pressure is then used to push the eggs into the catheter, where they fall into the receptacle.6
After the eggs are collected, they are kept in a incubator for several days until the larvae hatch. The larvae are placed in a larval stage, which is usually a small cylindrical container with a continuous supply of water. The main reason this is done is because many larvae would die if this were not done. The more larvae that survive, the more profit they make.
When these animals develop from larvae to fry and weigh about one or two grams, they are moved to larger, pre-fattening tanks, sold to other aquaculture businesses, or released into the wild for later fishing. The pre-fattening process aims to acclimate the fish to the type of food they will be given during the fattening process and to the crowding conditions they will be forced to endure. In some cases, the fish are also adjusted to the transition from freshwater to saltwater. During all stages of fish development, normal growth processes are affected by aggregation, which alters their normal development in potentially harmful ways.7
When their size allows the fish to move without much risk of death during the move, they are transported to the aquarium.8 In the fat tank, the animals are constantly competing for food, so food must be given to them regularly and in small quantities. The stronger fish do not eat it all and leave the weaker ones hungry.
How animals suffer in fish factories
Fish in fish farms are at risk in many ways. Like livestock, even if their lives are good, they are still at risk of premature death, which deprives them of positive experiences in the future. But they are also at risk because they have a poor quality of life. Some of the reasons for this are:
Transportation and shipping
Transporting animals to fish factories causes them great psychological stress, which takes a long time to recover from. Stressed fish suffer from 12-spot disease.
Lack of space and cramped conditions
In fish factories, fish are usually concentrated in small areas. This happens systematically in the case of trout and salmon, 13 sea bass, 14 sea bream, 15 or gilt-head bream. 16 There is no room to move around and there are many other animals around, which causes stress. 17
The relationship between fish concentration and harm suffered is not necessarily linear. In the case of salmon, for example, negative effects may only be seen when a certain density is reached, and then the increase in negative effects may be greater than the proportional change when new individuals are added.18 In addition to stress, other factors such as reduced water quality add to their stress and discomfort.19 Crowding conditions also affect oxygen availability. Fish rely on dissolved oxygen in the water, and when oxygen levels drop below a certain level, they can suffer severe stress and health problems. In severe cases, they can die from suffocation. The effect that lack of space has on some fish is even worse for those that form social hierarchies20 and can lead to aggressive behavior21, including cannibalism.
Light disturbances, sometimes created by underwater lamps, can be used to speed up the growth of fish. They change the animals’ growth time so that they are larger when they are killed. But bright lights can be distracting to them and even affect their feeding habits as they try to avoid the lights. 24 In the case of common salmon, changes in light and high temperatures have been identified as the main factors causing spinal deformities. 25
Starvation
Starvation and malnutrition can occur at various stages of the growth of animals in fish farms, for reasons such as competition for food between animals. In addition to starvation, there are other ways in which a lack of food can harm animals. For example, food deprivation can also mean increased erosion of the dorsal fin of the fish,26 which can cause difficulty swimming and reduce their chances of survival. It has been observed that Atlantic salmon swim more slowly and try less to feed themselves when they are not properly fed.27
Impacts on the health of farmed marine animals
The conditions described above cause these animals to be stressed, which leads to further harm because it affects their health.28 But there are other reasons that can compromise their health. Animals are often injured by overcrowding, which can easily lead to infections. The close contact between the fish carcasses and their cages, as well as other fish carcasses, leads to wounds, which can also be susceptible to infections.
Chemical changes in the water, which can easily occur due to the cramped conditions, can make animals particularly vulnerable to diseases that they would otherwise not have contracted. Sometimes fish with these diseases are killed.
For more information on this, see the page on fish and shellfish diseases. To protect against infection and mass mortality, fish in fish farms are given antibiotics, many of which have negative side effects, including immunosuppression. This affects not only the animals kept on the fish farms, but also other animals living in the surrounding wild areas.31
Death on fish farms
For all the reasons we have seen above, pre-slaughter mortality is very high in fish farms.32 But of course, they all die prematurely, whether from disease or by human hands. Fish and other aquatic animals are killed in various painful ways, in most cases while they are fully conscious. Their suffering begins before they die, as they are often in pain and distress while being transported to the place where they are killed. It takes time for food to be digested and incorporated into the body to create more meat, and any food given to an animal immediately before its death will not be converted into new meat. It is often considered wasteful to feed an animal food that will not become new meat, so that it is not eaten and starved before it is killed.34
Other animals are killed to feed fish farms It is also important to note that other animals (mainly crustaceans and fish) are used to feed the animals raised on fish farms, and therefore these animals are also victims of human consumption of fish and other aquatic animals. In addition to feeding fish farms with the carcasses of other fish, more than half of the fish oil production from fish caught or grown on farms is used to feed salmon. (កាសែតឯករាជ្យជាតិ ផ្សាយតាមបណ្តាញសង្គម ជូនលោកអ្នកនាងអានដោយមិនគិតថ្លៃ បើសប្បុរសជនចង់ជួយឧបត្ថម្ភ ការផ្សាយរបស់យើងខ្ញុំ តាមរយៈគណនី ABA លេខលុយខ្មែរ: 500 708 383 លេខលុយដុល្លារ: 003 662 119
How to raise fish on a farm
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Reviewed by សារព័ត៌មាន ឯករាជ្យជាតិ
on
8:06:00 AM
Rating:
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