ផ្សាយថ្ងៃទី 23 Jan 2025
(Independent Newspaper, published on social media)
When a person dies, they usually place the body in an urn, perform a ceremony to offer fire to the gods, and then take the remains and bury them in a stupa that is often built on a mountain, such as Phnom Daun Penh (Preah Paramraja II, Chao Ponhea Yat), Phnom Ratchat (Preah Chanraja Chetiya). etc. In the case of a rival family and a murder, the king usually performs a ceremony to offer fire to the body to make it equal to the king. For example, Preah Dhammaraja I requested the bodies of his wife, Preah Srei Raja, and his nephew, Preah Srei Suryotaya, from the Siamese king, and Preah Chanraja ordered that the bodies of Ponhea Ong be brought from the battlefield when he led an army to attack the Khmer to perform a ceremony to offer fire to the gods according to royal tradition.
The entourage
They are seen as the first royal family: Uphayorach: In the original meaning, this word means that the king abdicates the throne to someone, who represents him and receives the royal title as the middle king, helping to encourage and remind the king and the two viceroys to be in the tenfold royal dharma. However, in reality, Uphayorach is a king who has a position after the king (for example, Preah Srei Suryopur).
Upharaja or Mahaupharaja: This position of viceroy has existed for a long time. The Viceroy was chosen from among the eldest sons or the most qualified of the reigning kings. However, in reality, this was not always the case. When King Satta I abdicated the throne to his eldest son, Preah Jayajetha, who was 11 years old, and promoted his second son, Chao Ponhea An, who was only 6 years old, to the position of Viceroy, this act caused much resentment among the nobles, officials, and the common people.
The Queen Mother or the Queen Mother also seems to have a strong influence, because when King Keo Hwa I, the son of King Ponhean Nhom, did not live up to his royal duties, the Queen Mother, who was the Queen Mother, met with officials and sent a message to Ayutthaya to ask the King of Siam to send Princess Suryo Pur to come to Cambodia as the Queen Mother.
Chao Jwat Lha: Compared to today, Chao Jwat Lha has the same powers as the Prime Minister or the First Minister. After Chao Jwat Lha, there are four other high-ranking officials who are responsible for deciding the affairs of the state and managing the common land and the king. These four high-ranking officials are considered to be the four pillars of the temple, so they are collectively called the four pillars:
Oknha Kralahom
Oknha Wang
Oknha Yamareach
Oknha Chakrei
Mahatalika: This is a civil servant who has the title of serving the king. The king was originally a mahatalika who was promoted to the rank of Khun Luang Preah Sade by King Srei Sokun Bot.
Oracle: A type of official with a very important function, because in that era, from the time the king ascended to the throne, the people believed in fortune telling. Before moving the capital from Toul Bashan to Phnom Penh, King Boromraja II, Chao Ponhea Yat, ordered the great oracle, the blue oracle, and other officials to come and inspect the place according to the rules of fortune telling. When King Srei Sokunbot had a dream in which he saw a dragon chasing a horse, he had the oracle predict that someone wanted to usurp the throne, namely King Kan.
Chao Chit, Chao Cham: Chao Chit were women in the royal family who served as close servants in the royal family, while Chao Cham were ordinary women who were given as wives by the king.
Generally, the royal power is inherited from the father who reigns to the son, meaning that when the father dies or abdicates, the eldest son has the right to succeed the throne, and if the eldest son dies before he can succeed, the next son has the right to succeed the father. For this reason, we see that King Narayana succeeded King Paramraja II, King Ponheayat succeeded King Paramraja IV, and King Paramraja IV succeeded King Chanraja because his eldest son, Ramathipadee, died before he could succeed him (according to some royal genealogies, he was swallowed by the earth). In the case where the king did not have a son to succeed him, this right went to the younger brother. King Chanraja succeeded King Srei Sukanthabot because his son, Ponheayasaraja, died before he could succeed him. If this custom is not respected, a crisis is inevitable: this is the case of Srey Suryotaya, who was crowned as the successor of her father, Preah Narayanaraja, but instead went to Preah Srey Raja as a sub-king, which led to ten years of civil war (1475-1485). During the period we are studying, it is observed that there was interference by officials in the selection of kings to ascend the throne, and this interference was very effective. After all, Preah Srey Raja, Preah Paramraja VII, Chao Ponhea An, and Preah Srey Suryopur all ascended the throne due to the intervention of these officials. In the case where a person, even a high-ranking official, even a relative of the reigning king, but did not have the right to inherit the throne and instead used force to ascend the throne, he was called Sdej Chrek Rakhi (Sdej Kan Preah Ram Cheung Prey).
There were frequent crises in the royal family, which led to internal conflicts: the war between Srey Raja, Srey Suryotoya, and Dhamma Raja for 10 years (1475-1485) and the war between Srey Sokunthobot and King Kan Chan Raja (1509-1512 and 1516-1525). The reasons for these conflicts were more personal than common interests. However, Srey Suryotoya fought Srey Raja only for her own interests, namely the right to succeed her father, King Srey Sokunthobot, who sought to kill King Kan, fearing that this official would usurp the throne. King Satta I abdicated the throne to his sons, who were all young, for fear that the throne would go to his younger brother, Srey Suryophor, who was more capable and popular. When conflicts arose, the national leaders did not favor amicable solutions, but were willing to rely on neighboring countries to mediate internal disputes between the Khmer people. For this reason, King Dhammaraja went to the Siamese king to send an army to capture Princess Srei Raja and Princess Srei Suryotoya and take them to Siam.
At that time, the Khmer did not yet have any concerns on the eastern border, because Champa was engaged in a war with the Nguyen lords, who were gradually swallowing up the kingdom's territory.
However, on the western border, the Khmer king tried to reclaim the territory that had been lost since the 13th century. It was for this purpose that King Srei Raja, King Chantharaja, King Paramraja IV, King Sattha I, led an army to attack the capital, Ayutthaya, and liberated and regained much of the territory. The reason for the Khmer's success was that Burma had frequently attacked Siam, capturing the capital of Ayutthaya twice (1524 and 1569) and making Siam a vassal state for 15 years. The Khmer king knew how to take advantage of the enemy's weakness by attacking more troops and was able to regain the lost territory. At this point, European documents say that the Khmer made an alliance with Burma to attack Siam, but Khmer documents do not mention this. The same European source added that later the Khmer turned to forming an alliance with their enemy (the Khmer-Siamese Treaty of 1574, Preah Sattha I ordered Srey Suryo Pur to raise troops to help Siam defeat Burma), but it did not work out well because after freeing itself from Burmese rule, Siam often raised troops to attack the Khmer, saying that the Khmer did not keep their word. In fact, Siam did this only in the context of expanding its territory. Therefore, in the face of the dangers that constantly threatened the nation, the Khmer kings from the first century onwards turned to the Portuguese and later to the Spanish for help. He greatly favored European missionaries so that they could intervene and ask for military aid against the Siamese. He promised to open the right for them to spread Christianity in all parts of his kingdom, help build churches and provide them with food, rice, etc. The Spanish in Manila wanted to establish a protectorate over Cambodia and sent troops and missionaries to Cambodia several times, but they did not succeed as they wished. Finally, the Sun Goddess, who was captured by the Siamese army and taken to the city of Ayutthaya, returned to Cambodia, bringing Siamese influence to spread. It should be noted that the Siamese, who practiced Buddhism like the Khmer, strongly opposed the attempts to spread religion by the Europeans, especially during the reign of King Naresora.
At that time, Cambodia was no longer a major territorial power: the outermost provinces, the rural provinces such as Sukhothai, Ayutthaya, Lopburi, and Kotarabo (Phimay), had all been lost, and the Samut Prakan states such as Champa, Annam, and Java, Mon, no longer existed. The northern border of Cambodia fell to the Tonle Sap or a little above it and Laos. The west bordered Paschim Borei and Rayong, the northwest bordered Nakhon Ratchasima, the east bordered Champa, and the south bordered the China Sea and the Gulf of Siam.
According to the genealogy, the Khmer Empire at that time had approximately 70 provinces: Longwek, Amarintbo, Krakor, Kor, Pursat, Battambang, Russeysanh, Tam Seema, Mongkol Borey, Rayong, Surin, Singkar, Kampong Siem, Stung Treng, Cheung Prey, Kok Ses, Anlong Reach, Prom Tep, Prey Kdei, Stoung, Chikreng, Roluos, Siem Reap, Kampong Svay, Mlou Prey, Choam Ksan, Tnaot, Teuk Chor, Siem Bok, Sambok Sambo, Kratie, Chlong, Tbong, Bashan, Toeng Dang, Prey Veng, Tbong Khmum, Ba Phnom, Romdoul, Svay Paep, Rong Damrei, Prey Nokor, Long Hor, Cheung Badeng, Samrong Tong, Bati, Lek Dek, Treang, Banteay Meas, Thpong, Bassac, Baria (Bara), Peam, Koh Slaket, Kampot, Kampong Som, Teuk Khama, Peam Mesor, Preah Trapaing, Kramoun Sar, Don Nai, etc.
It should be noted that among these provinces, some provinces remain as provinces to this day, such as Pursat, Battambang, Stung Treng, Siem Reap, Kratie, Prey Veng, etc. Some provinces were relegated to districts, such as Mongkol Borey, Stoung, Chikreng, Roluos, Teuk Chor, etc., while others lost their names and merged with other provinces.
Each province was divided into districts, and each district was divided into many villages. However, many provinces were grouped into large areas called lands. Land > Province > District > Village
Since the king was the source of all power, and his entourage was made up of the royal family and high-ranking officials, it can be understood that it was these entourage who made the central administrative machinery work. As we have already mentioned in each section, from the royal family, after the king came to the throne, there were the Viceroy, the Viceroy or the Grand Viceroy, the Mother of the King, the Queen Mother, the Grand Chancellor, and four senior officials who are commonly called the Chatostambha, namely:
Oknha Yamareach (Minister of Justice)
Oknha Kralahom (Minister of the Navy)
Oknha Wang (Minister of the Royal Palace)
Oknha Chakrei (Minister of the Army).
Therefore, the Viceroy and these four senior officials are comparable to the current cabinet, which is commonly called the General Staff. These five senior officials are called the Ek officials, which are officials who go up to the King: these officials have the function of making the central administration work and also have power over some provinces. In addition, there are officials for the rank of Uphayorach, officials for the Trii rank of Preah Uparach or Maha Uparach, and officials for the Chatva rank of Preah Vorarach Mata or Preah Vorarach Ayyaka. All four officials for this, except for Chao Jwatalaha, who has the title of Samdech Chao Ponhea, all have the title of Oknha, a tycoon of 10 Hupan (Hupan: the Siamese word for a thousand, meaning 1,000 soldiers under the command of an official).
In addition to the above-mentioned high-ranking officials, there are many other middle-ranking and lower-ranking officials with the following titles:
Chao Ponhea.............9/10 Hundred Thousand (District Chief)
Ponhea..................7/8 Hundred Thousand (District Chief)
Preah.....................6 Hundred Thousand
Luang....................5 Hundred Thousand
Khunmen...............4 Hundred Thousand
Okmen.................3 Hundred Thousand
Chakmen..................2 Hundred Thousand
Men......................1 Hundred Thousand.
As for the officials who had not yet accepted the title, they were called Nai.
In the first part, which deals with the division of the empire, we saw that the Khmer land was divided into about 70 provinces, and these provinces were grouped into regions called Dei. In each region, there was a Kraang king (sometimes called Kraang king, this word probably comes from the ancient word Martanh, which is used in Khmer inscriptions). Each Kraang king had the role of governing his own region, and also had the role of governing his own province. According to the Khmer royal genealogy, during the reign of King Dhammaraja I, five royal princes were appointed:
Ponhea Techo, district chief of Kampong Svay Province1
Ponhea Soura Lok, district chief of Pursat Province1
Ponhea Srei Dhamma Techo, district chief of Ba Phnom Province1
Ponhea Pisno Lok, district chief of Traing Province1
Ponhea Orjoon, district chief of Tbong Khmum Province1.
As mentioned above, we see that in each province there is a high-ranking official in charge. This official is commonly called the district chief: for example, the official in charge of Traing Province is called the district chief of Traing Province.
According to the Khmer royal genealogy, it is known that the district chiefs all had 10 or 9 thousand sakta, and from ancient times they were all appointed as Samdech Chao Ponhea because those district chiefs were all relatives of the king. However, later, those district chiefs often did not respect the generals enough and were demoted to just Chao Ponhea. It should be noted that Chao Ponhea is also the title of the son of the king (e.g. Chao Ponhea Damkhatraja, Chao Ponhea Chantraja, Chao Ponhea Tan, Chao Ponhea An, Chao Ponhea Nhom, etc.). If a district chief has 8 or 7 thousand sakta, he must be appointed as a Ponhea.
Each province is divided into several districts, which are governed by district chiefs. And each district chief is likely to be divided into communes and villages, with commune chiefs and village chiefs as administrators. (The Independent National Newspaper is published on social media for you to read for free. If you want to support our publication, please donate through ABA account. Khmer money number: 500 708 383 Dollar money number: 003 662 119
(Independent Newspaper, published on social media)
When a person dies, they usually place the body in an urn, perform a ceremony to offer fire to the gods, and then take the remains and bury them in a stupa that is often built on a mountain, such as Phnom Daun Penh (Preah Paramraja II, Chao Ponhea Yat), Phnom Ratchat (Preah Chanraja Chetiya). etc. In the case of a rival family and a murder, the king usually performs a ceremony to offer fire to the body to make it equal to the king. For example, Preah Dhammaraja I requested the bodies of his wife, Preah Srei Raja, and his nephew, Preah Srei Suryotaya, from the Siamese king, and Preah Chanraja ordered that the bodies of Ponhea Ong be brought from the battlefield when he led an army to attack the Khmer to perform a ceremony to offer fire to the gods according to royal tradition.
The entourage
They are seen as the first royal family: Uphayorach: In the original meaning, this word means that the king abdicates the throne to someone, who represents him and receives the royal title as the middle king, helping to encourage and remind the king and the two viceroys to be in the tenfold royal dharma. However, in reality, Uphayorach is a king who has a position after the king (for example, Preah Srei Suryopur).
Upharaja or Mahaupharaja: This position of viceroy has existed for a long time. The Viceroy was chosen from among the eldest sons or the most qualified of the reigning kings. However, in reality, this was not always the case. When King Satta I abdicated the throne to his eldest son, Preah Jayajetha, who was 11 years old, and promoted his second son, Chao Ponhea An, who was only 6 years old, to the position of Viceroy, this act caused much resentment among the nobles, officials, and the common people.
The Queen Mother or the Queen Mother also seems to have a strong influence, because when King Keo Hwa I, the son of King Ponhean Nhom, did not live up to his royal duties, the Queen Mother, who was the Queen Mother, met with officials and sent a message to Ayutthaya to ask the King of Siam to send Princess Suryo Pur to come to Cambodia as the Queen Mother.
Chao Jwat Lha: Compared to today, Chao Jwat Lha has the same powers as the Prime Minister or the First Minister. After Chao Jwat Lha, there are four other high-ranking officials who are responsible for deciding the affairs of the state and managing the common land and the king. These four high-ranking officials are considered to be the four pillars of the temple, so they are collectively called the four pillars:
Oknha Kralahom
Oknha Wang
Oknha Yamareach
Oknha Chakrei
Mahatalika: This is a civil servant who has the title of serving the king. The king was originally a mahatalika who was promoted to the rank of Khun Luang Preah Sade by King Srei Sokun Bot.
Oracle: A type of official with a very important function, because in that era, from the time the king ascended to the throne, the people believed in fortune telling. Before moving the capital from Toul Bashan to Phnom Penh, King Boromraja II, Chao Ponhea Yat, ordered the great oracle, the blue oracle, and other officials to come and inspect the place according to the rules of fortune telling. When King Srei Sokunbot had a dream in which he saw a dragon chasing a horse, he had the oracle predict that someone wanted to usurp the throne, namely King Kan.
Chao Chit, Chao Cham: Chao Chit were women in the royal family who served as close servants in the royal family, while Chao Cham were ordinary women who were given as wives by the king.
Generally, the royal power is inherited from the father who reigns to the son, meaning that when the father dies or abdicates, the eldest son has the right to succeed the throne, and if the eldest son dies before he can succeed, the next son has the right to succeed the father. For this reason, we see that King Narayana succeeded King Paramraja II, King Ponheayat succeeded King Paramraja IV, and King Paramraja IV succeeded King Chanraja because his eldest son, Ramathipadee, died before he could succeed him (according to some royal genealogies, he was swallowed by the earth). In the case where the king did not have a son to succeed him, this right went to the younger brother. King Chanraja succeeded King Srei Sukanthabot because his son, Ponheayasaraja, died before he could succeed him. If this custom is not respected, a crisis is inevitable: this is the case of Srey Suryotaya, who was crowned as the successor of her father, Preah Narayanaraja, but instead went to Preah Srey Raja as a sub-king, which led to ten years of civil war (1475-1485). During the period we are studying, it is observed that there was interference by officials in the selection of kings to ascend the throne, and this interference was very effective. After all, Preah Srey Raja, Preah Paramraja VII, Chao Ponhea An, and Preah Srey Suryopur all ascended the throne due to the intervention of these officials. In the case where a person, even a high-ranking official, even a relative of the reigning king, but did not have the right to inherit the throne and instead used force to ascend the throne, he was called Sdej Chrek Rakhi (Sdej Kan Preah Ram Cheung Prey).
There were frequent crises in the royal family, which led to internal conflicts: the war between Srey Raja, Srey Suryotoya, and Dhamma Raja for 10 years (1475-1485) and the war between Srey Sokunthobot and King Kan Chan Raja (1509-1512 and 1516-1525). The reasons for these conflicts were more personal than common interests. However, Srey Suryotoya fought Srey Raja only for her own interests, namely the right to succeed her father, King Srey Sokunthobot, who sought to kill King Kan, fearing that this official would usurp the throne. King Satta I abdicated the throne to his sons, who were all young, for fear that the throne would go to his younger brother, Srey Suryophor, who was more capable and popular. When conflicts arose, the national leaders did not favor amicable solutions, but were willing to rely on neighboring countries to mediate internal disputes between the Khmer people. For this reason, King Dhammaraja went to the Siamese king to send an army to capture Princess Srei Raja and Princess Srei Suryotoya and take them to Siam.
At that time, the Khmer did not yet have any concerns on the eastern border, because Champa was engaged in a war with the Nguyen lords, who were gradually swallowing up the kingdom's territory.
However, on the western border, the Khmer king tried to reclaim the territory that had been lost since the 13th century. It was for this purpose that King Srei Raja, King Chantharaja, King Paramraja IV, King Sattha I, led an army to attack the capital, Ayutthaya, and liberated and regained much of the territory. The reason for the Khmer's success was that Burma had frequently attacked Siam, capturing the capital of Ayutthaya twice (1524 and 1569) and making Siam a vassal state for 15 years. The Khmer king knew how to take advantage of the enemy's weakness by attacking more troops and was able to regain the lost territory. At this point, European documents say that the Khmer made an alliance with Burma to attack Siam, but Khmer documents do not mention this. The same European source added that later the Khmer turned to forming an alliance with their enemy (the Khmer-Siamese Treaty of 1574, Preah Sattha I ordered Srey Suryo Pur to raise troops to help Siam defeat Burma), but it did not work out well because after freeing itself from Burmese rule, Siam often raised troops to attack the Khmer, saying that the Khmer did not keep their word. In fact, Siam did this only in the context of expanding its territory. Therefore, in the face of the dangers that constantly threatened the nation, the Khmer kings from the first century onwards turned to the Portuguese and later to the Spanish for help. He greatly favored European missionaries so that they could intervene and ask for military aid against the Siamese. He promised to open the right for them to spread Christianity in all parts of his kingdom, help build churches and provide them with food, rice, etc. The Spanish in Manila wanted to establish a protectorate over Cambodia and sent troops and missionaries to Cambodia several times, but they did not succeed as they wished. Finally, the Sun Goddess, who was captured by the Siamese army and taken to the city of Ayutthaya, returned to Cambodia, bringing Siamese influence to spread. It should be noted that the Siamese, who practiced Buddhism like the Khmer, strongly opposed the attempts to spread religion by the Europeans, especially during the reign of King Naresora.
At that time, Cambodia was no longer a major territorial power: the outermost provinces, the rural provinces such as Sukhothai, Ayutthaya, Lopburi, and Kotarabo (Phimay), had all been lost, and the Samut Prakan states such as Champa, Annam, and Java, Mon, no longer existed. The northern border of Cambodia fell to the Tonle Sap or a little above it and Laos. The west bordered Paschim Borei and Rayong, the northwest bordered Nakhon Ratchasima, the east bordered Champa, and the south bordered the China Sea and the Gulf of Siam.
According to the genealogy, the Khmer Empire at that time had approximately 70 provinces: Longwek, Amarintbo, Krakor, Kor, Pursat, Battambang, Russeysanh, Tam Seema, Mongkol Borey, Rayong, Surin, Singkar, Kampong Siem, Stung Treng, Cheung Prey, Kok Ses, Anlong Reach, Prom Tep, Prey Kdei, Stoung, Chikreng, Roluos, Siem Reap, Kampong Svay, Mlou Prey, Choam Ksan, Tnaot, Teuk Chor, Siem Bok, Sambok Sambo, Kratie, Chlong, Tbong, Bashan, Toeng Dang, Prey Veng, Tbong Khmum, Ba Phnom, Romdoul, Svay Paep, Rong Damrei, Prey Nokor, Long Hor, Cheung Badeng, Samrong Tong, Bati, Lek Dek, Treang, Banteay Meas, Thpong, Bassac, Baria (Bara), Peam, Koh Slaket, Kampot, Kampong Som, Teuk Khama, Peam Mesor, Preah Trapaing, Kramoun Sar, Don Nai, etc.
It should be noted that among these provinces, some provinces remain as provinces to this day, such as Pursat, Battambang, Stung Treng, Siem Reap, Kratie, Prey Veng, etc. Some provinces were relegated to districts, such as Mongkol Borey, Stoung, Chikreng, Roluos, Teuk Chor, etc., while others lost their names and merged with other provinces.
Each province was divided into districts, and each district was divided into many villages. However, many provinces were grouped into large areas called lands. Land > Province > District > Village
Since the king was the source of all power, and his entourage was made up of the royal family and high-ranking officials, it can be understood that it was these entourage who made the central administrative machinery work. As we have already mentioned in each section, from the royal family, after the king came to the throne, there were the Viceroy, the Viceroy or the Grand Viceroy, the Mother of the King, the Queen Mother, the Grand Chancellor, and four senior officials who are commonly called the Chatostambha, namely:
Oknha Yamareach (Minister of Justice)
Oknha Kralahom (Minister of the Navy)
Oknha Wang (Minister of the Royal Palace)
Oknha Chakrei (Minister of the Army).
Therefore, the Viceroy and these four senior officials are comparable to the current cabinet, which is commonly called the General Staff. These five senior officials are called the Ek officials, which are officials who go up to the King: these officials have the function of making the central administration work and also have power over some provinces. In addition, there are officials for the rank of Uphayorach, officials for the Trii rank of Preah Uparach or Maha Uparach, and officials for the Chatva rank of Preah Vorarach Mata or Preah Vorarach Ayyaka. All four officials for this, except for Chao Jwatalaha, who has the title of Samdech Chao Ponhea, all have the title of Oknha, a tycoon of 10 Hupan (Hupan: the Siamese word for a thousand, meaning 1,000 soldiers under the command of an official).
In addition to the above-mentioned high-ranking officials, there are many other middle-ranking and lower-ranking officials with the following titles:
Chao Ponhea.............9/10 Hundred Thousand (District Chief)
Ponhea..................7/8 Hundred Thousand (District Chief)
Preah.....................6 Hundred Thousand
Luang....................5 Hundred Thousand
Khunmen...............4 Hundred Thousand
Okmen.................3 Hundred Thousand
Chakmen..................2 Hundred Thousand
Men......................1 Hundred Thousand.
As for the officials who had not yet accepted the title, they were called Nai.
In the first part, which deals with the division of the empire, we saw that the Khmer land was divided into about 70 provinces, and these provinces were grouped into regions called Dei. In each region, there was a Kraang king (sometimes called Kraang king, this word probably comes from the ancient word Martanh, which is used in Khmer inscriptions). Each Kraang king had the role of governing his own region, and also had the role of governing his own province. According to the Khmer royal genealogy, during the reign of King Dhammaraja I, five royal princes were appointed:
Ponhea Techo, district chief of Kampong Svay Province1
Ponhea Soura Lok, district chief of Pursat Province1
Ponhea Srei Dhamma Techo, district chief of Ba Phnom Province1
Ponhea Pisno Lok, district chief of Traing Province1
Ponhea Orjoon, district chief of Tbong Khmum Province1.
As mentioned above, we see that in each province there is a high-ranking official in charge. This official is commonly called the district chief: for example, the official in charge of Traing Province is called the district chief of Traing Province.
According to the Khmer royal genealogy, it is known that the district chiefs all had 10 or 9 thousand sakta, and from ancient times they were all appointed as Samdech Chao Ponhea because those district chiefs were all relatives of the king. However, later, those district chiefs often did not respect the generals enough and were demoted to just Chao Ponhea. It should be noted that Chao Ponhea is also the title of the son of the king (e.g. Chao Ponhea Damkhatraja, Chao Ponhea Chantraja, Chao Ponhea Tan, Chao Ponhea An, Chao Ponhea Nhom, etc.). If a district chief has 8 or 7 thousand sakta, he must be appointed as a Ponhea.
Each province is divided into several districts, which are governed by district chiefs. And each district chief is likely to be divided into communes and villages, with commune chiefs and village chiefs as administrators. (The Independent National Newspaper is published on social media for you to read for free. If you want to support our publication, please donate through ABA account. Khmer money number: 500 708 383 Dollar money number: 003 662 119
Khmer civilization in the post-Angkor period (Chattomuk-Longwek) continued from the previous issue
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Reviewed by សារព័ត៌មាន ឯករាជ្យជាតិ
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